A&O – LOVE notes

 

ART & ORGANISM

LOVE

NOTES on the INTEGRATIVE nature of LOVE

and the SPIRITUAL IMPULSE


THE HUMAN EXPERIENCES of LOVE seems beyond analysis, but when they are expressed as behavior they can be objectively described.  It’s a start.  Although they are extremely complex phenomena that involve many processes and sources of information, at any given stage of development or given moment this information is integrated in one’s mind in varying proportion according to one’s congenital disposition and experience. The brain is brought to a situation and is remodeled as a result of feedback about its actions.


DEEP ethology deploys the converging perspectives of development, ecology, evolution, and physiology to create a biological scaffold  that enables an integrative description of the processes that constitute any behavioral pattern, including such elusive phenomena as love. We can begin to inquire more fruitfully into the human experience that is an amalgam of its motivational, affective, and cognitive aspects. 

 

MOTIVATIONAL ASPECT

The motivational aspect of love involves physiological arousal and behavior that we identify as love as energized by the target of desire. It develops quickly and then habituates. It compares to Sternberg’s “PASSION

    • (Richard Solomon’s opponent process theory of motivation: there are two opposing forces: positive (rapid onset, rapid level-off) and negative (slow onset, slow to fade); resembles an addiction: if the positive is withdrawn (you’re dumped) the negative remains.)
    • Emotions are feelings that energizes and directs behavior. Motivation involves specific need, desire, or want that energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior. (Unlearned motives — primary drives– include hunger, thirst, sex; while stimulus motives depend more on external stimuli and are more focused –including activity, curiosity, exploration, manipulation, and contact. Other motives may be learned. The basic motives in the need hierarchy (physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization) despite common usage, refer to different phenomena One reflection of the distinction between affect and motive is recent research studying how the “affective properties of opiate action can be removed while the discriminative capacity of the drug-induced state to control responding is left intact.” Manipulating the effects of opiate drugs effectively enabled researchers to separate the perceptual (perceptual/cognitive) and affective (affective/noncognitive) components of the two phenomena. The cognitive component can be perceptually identified and used as a signal while the noncognitive component –although not being used as a signal itself– can assign positive or negative valence to other stimuli, modifying their affective properties (Martin, G.M., A Bechara, and D van der Kooy. 1991. The perception of emotion: parallel neural processing of the affective and discriminative properties of opiates. Psychobiology, 19(2):147-152.).
    • PHYSIOLOGICAL components of Romantic Love:
    • Neurochemicals: oxytocin, dopamine, beta-endorphin, and serotonin.
    • Brain areas?  Fisher et al (2006) used fMRI to determine that “romantic” love selectively activates brainstem right tegmental area and right postero-dorsal body of the caudate nucleus. Dopamine thus seems always involved. For the authors of this review, this supports the idea that romantic love is only one of the brain systems important in reproduction by means of its emphasis on attraction. Also involved is an attraction system (prefer & pursue) and an attachment system (remain together long enough to have successful offspring … to maximize biological fitness)

 


AFFECTIVE (emotional) ASPECT 

  • The emotional aspect of love increases gradually, levels off, then goes beneath the surface. Ellen Bersheid observed that emotion is more intense early in a relationship when there is more uncertainty –this impels you to learn and experience at an accelerated rate. In this respect it compares to Sternberg’s “INTIMACY.” [A&O: consider artists who (like many scientists) cultivate an intense intimacy with their processes and their media]

 


COGNITIVE ASPECT

  • The cognitive aspect of love compares to Sternberg’s “COMMITMENT.” It begins at zero then increases gradually until eventually it levels off; if a relationship wavers, commitment will decline. If it does fail, it falls to zero.
  • We associate cognition with reason–sapience more than sentience, but when systems compete to influence our behavior there is abundant evidence that feelings often prevail over reason: see “Gorgeous Trumps Everything.
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  • LOVE and REASON? in the final analysis, these qualities of mind (sapience and sentience) cannot be fully separated (if at all).  Still we speak often of their connections: Blaise Pascal famously said: “Le coeur a ses raisons que la raison ne connaît point.”  (“The heart has its reasons of which reason knows nothing”)

 

A significant effort to sort the sources of information and processes that interact to evoke a feeling of love was unedrtaken by Roibert Sternberg.   This led to an excellent scaffold, his THREE-PART theory of LOVE”

Robert Sternberg in discussing the elements of love argues that love at its fullest is an amalgam of three aspects of human behavior in approximately equal parts: cognitive, affective, and motivational (see below). This idea was recently modeled by Sternberg as a triangle, the sides of which represented the relative contributions of each dimension. Triangle Theory of Love

 


Most variations of “love” have been described in terms of three psycho/physiological processes identified by Robert Sternberg (1986). These three phenomena can each stand alone as an aspect of love, but almost always when we speak of love we are speaking of varying proportions of these. I like to imagine three more-or-less overlapping circles of varying sizes; Sternberg asked us to visualize a triangle, with a different attribute of love representing the sides. The shape and volume of the triangle change significantly as different attributes change: Sternberg’s vocabulary:

  • PASSIONinfatuation;
  • PASSION+INTIMACYromantic love;
    PASSION+COMMITMENTfatuous love
  • INTIMACYliking;
    INTIMACY+COMMITMENTcompanionate love
  • COMMITMENTempty love
  • PASSION+INTIMACY+COMMITMENTconsummate love

 

 

 

 

“A man doesn’t learn to understand anything unless he loves it”
(“Man lernt nichts kennen als was man Liebt,” -Goethe)

(think of how you would apply the MOTIVATIONAL, COGNITIVE, and EMOTIONAL processes to EXPRESSIVE and RECEPTIVE aspects of art)

and this is certainly true of works of art (like you and me) in particular:
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“Works of art are of an infinite solitariness,
and nothing is less likely to bring us near to them than criticism.
Only love can apprehend and hold them,
and can be just towards them” (Rilke).
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So let us love, be loving critics, role models and social referees.


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 “What Is This Thing Called Love?

Gwyneth Paltrow’s version of the 1929  Cole Porter song  for the musical Wake Up and Dream.

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Often we all speak of how we more-or-less love this-or-that –different people, objects, experiences. Sometimes we say we love our work. (“Vocation is love seeking form”Rev Sloan Coffin). Do you love your field, your work? Why? Why not?


DEEP ETHOLOGY

  • DEVELOPMENT: Learning to Love: partly the unfolding of congenital programs during a specific developmental window in development (“more-or-less “sensitive” period”) and in the presence of approriate stimuli:  much is imitation, including social referencing –the means by which infants (among others) look to caregivers or more experienced individuals to help them make the best possible sense of a ambiguous feelings or an ambiguous situation.

Can we speak of “reasonable love?” (sounds like high on cognition). What about “loving reason?”


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Perspectives, alternatives : considering Sternberg’s deconstruction of love:  Look in on Mark Vernon‘s view of love in Aeon (2013): “What is Love?:” 

(“The ancient Greeks, unlike us, did not have a single word for love but many. As is often noted, they had philia (friendship) and eros (desire), storge (affection) and agape (unconditional love). Perhaps that is another part of our problem. Our language invites us to think of love as a single, unified thing, when it is nothing of the sort. I suspect that words are not enough to address this modern deficiency. What we need is a new sense of the variety of love’s experiences. Fortunately there is another storehouse we can draw on from our ancient forebears: and it is not their words, but their myths that can enlighten us.”)

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Logic in love? 16 October 1995 It seems to me that in this balancing of variables, any of them could be the entry into the cascade of reciprocating interactions that can launch an enterprise: And this isn’t necessarily easy! For example, in Moonstruck, Ronnie persuades Loretta (engaged to his absent and ill-suited brother) to join him: “Love doesn’t make things nice. It ruins everything. It breaks your heart. It makes things a mess. We aren’t here to make things perfect. Snowflakes are perfect. Stars are perfect. Not us, not us. We are here to ruin ourselves, and to break our hearts, and love the wrong people, and die.”                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           


*we are all works of art — at least in so far as we are aggregates of countless aesthetic decisions, an almost infinite number of choices; an amalgam of our selves and our environments, ourselves and the countless other selves we have encountered personally or in art and literature and whom we have judged or who have judged us . . . .


Does the capacity to love (and be loved?) change throughout an individual’s developmental trajectory?  see A&O notes on DEVELOPMENT: CHANGE IN INDIVIDUALS co-determined by genetic program and experience.  In particular, we should ask about IMITATION & SOCIAL REFERENCING:  As individuals passively or actively imitate those around them or are in certain circumstances, change is guided by “social referencing?”


ART and SCIENCE.  “Any good poet, in our age at least, must begin with the scientific view of the world; and any scientist worth listening to must be something of a poet/, must possess the ability to communicate to the rest of us his sense of love and wonder at what his work discovers.” (Edward Abbey, contributed to Colloquy by Gina Baucomb 2/16/99)

CRITICISM.  Works of art are of an infinite solitariness, and nothing is less likely to bring us near to them than criticism. Only love can apprehend and hold them, and can be just towards them.”( Briefe an einem jungen Dichter) (Kunst‑Werke sind von einer unendlichen Einsamkeit und mit nichts so wenig erreichbar als mit Kritik. Nur Liebe kann sie erfassen und halten und kann gerecht sein gegen sie. –Rainer Maria Rilke, “Letters to a Young Poet,“ 1929, translated by Reginald Snell, 1945) 23 Apr. 1903) 

HOPE.  Nothing worth doing is completed in our lifetime; therefore, we are saved by hope. Nothing true or beautiful or good makes complete sense in any immediate context of history; therefore, we are saved by faith. Nothing we do, however virtuous, can be accomplished alone; therefore, we are saved by love. No virtuous act is quite as virtuous from the standpoint of our friend or foe as from our own,; therefore, we are saved by the final form of love, which is forgiveness.  (The Irony of American History, Charles Scribner’s Sons (1952)  Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (June 211892 – June 11971)

IDEA.  A mind once stretched by an idea, like a heart once stretched by love, will never regain its former shape. (“A man’s mind stretched by a new idea can never go back to its original dimensions.” Oliver Wendell Holmes, sr. quoted by Robert M. Hutchins)[i]) also recalls “ . . . Eliot’s idea that every new work affects the whole order.” (quoted by Douglas Wilson in the New Yorker 2004:65.[ii])

 

 

PERSPECTIVES on LOVE


“Love is the master-key that opens the gates of happiness, of hatred, of jealousy, and, most easily of all, the gate of fear. How terrible is the one fact of beauty!” From 19th-century poet and physician Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr..


“What is unleashed in the soul when we love outside ourselves is sharp, unexpected, and beyond words. Love turns smart people stupid and conjures courage from thin air. 

That we can love so wildly, so recklessly and yet feel it even in the tame ways of everyday is something of a miracle.  For some, a miracle (ordinary or otherwise) would take a miracle.  Still there’s room for repentance, there’s hope if only in glimmers.  For others, hope is all there is.

Love, miracle, hope – not my kind of words.  But I find that as life pushes relentlessly on, that they nudge their way in and set up shop — undeniable as moon tides, the pie-in-the-sky magical thinking of childhood is quietly replaced by a grounded grown-up sense of wonder.  And the reality of something as simple as a sunrise can still surprise you.”  (voiceover ending of an episode of “In Plain Sight” (Season 5:02 “Four Marshals and a Baby“).


Nothing worth doing is completed in our lifetime; therefore, we are saved by hope. Nothing true or beautiful or good makes complete sense in any immediate context of history; therefore, we are saved by faith. Nothing we do, however virtuous, can be accomplished alone; therefore, we are saved by love. No virtuous act is quite as virtuous from the standpoint of our friend or foe as from our own,; therefore, we are saved by the final form of love, which is forgiveness.  (The Irony of American History, Charles Scribner’s Sons (1952)  Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (June 211892 – June 11971) (also in HOPE)


“Love is the extremely difficult realisation that something other than oneself is real. Love, and so art and morals, is the discovery of reality” (Iris Murdoch. “The Sublime and the Good” in Chicago Review 13 (1959) p. 51)


“The ultimate weakness of violence is that it is a descending spiral, begetting the very thing it seeks to destroy. Instead of diminishing evil, it multiplies it. Through violence you may murder the liar, but you cannot murder the lie, nor establish the truth. Through violence you murder the hater, but you do not murder hate. In fact, violence merely increases hate…. Returning violence for violence multiples violence, adding deeper darkness to a night already devoid of stars. Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.” (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. “On Violence” quoted at Pete Seeger appreciation website: http://www.peteseeger.net/index.html )


Life has taught us that love does not consist in gazing at each other but in looking together in the same direction.  (L’expérience nous montre qu’aimer ce n’est point nous regarder l’un l’autre mais regarder ensemble dans la même direction.  Antoine de Saint‑Exupéry, Terre des Hommes (translated as Wind, Sand and Stars, 1939) ch. 8)


Love is the extremely difficult realisation that something other than oneself is real. Love, and so art and morals, is the discovery of reality.  (Iris Murdoch. “The Sublime and the Good” in Chicago Review 13 (1959) p. 51)


We are all born for love: it is the principle of existence and its only end. (Benjamin Disraeli)


“Love doesn’t make things nice. It ruins everything.  It breaks your heart.  It makes things a mess.  We aren’t here to make things perfect.  Snowflakes are perfect.  Stars are perfect.  Not us, not us.  We are here to ruin ourselves, and to break our hearts, and love the wrong people, and die.” (Ronnie (Nicholas Cage) to Loretta (Cher), in Moonstruck)


We must love one another or die. (WH Auden 1940)[1] (a line Auden tried to disavow… should that matter to us?)


How bold one gets when one is sure of being loved (Freud)


1. If I speak in the tongues [32] of men and of angels, but have not love, I am only a resounding gong or a clanging cymbal. 2. If I have the gift of prophecy and can fathom all mysteries and all knowledge, and if I have a faith that can move mountains, but have not love, I am nothing. 3. If I give all I possess to the poor and surrender my body to the flames, [33] but have not love, I gain nothing. 4. Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. 5. It is not rude, it is not self‑seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. 6. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. 7. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. 8. Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will cease; where there are tongues, they will be stilled; where there is knowledge, it will pass away. 9. For we know in part and we prophesy in part, 10. but when perfection comes, the imperfect disappears. 11. When I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put childish ways behind me. 12. Now we see but a poor reflection as in a mirror; then we shall see face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I am fully known. 13. And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love. / (1 Corinthians 13)


And this more human love (which will consummate itself infinitely thoughtfully and gently, and well and clearly in binding and loosing) will be something like that which we are preparing with struggle and toil, the love which consists in the mutual guarding, bordering and saluting of two solitudes.  (Rainer Maria Rilke 1875B1926;  Und diese menschlichere Liebe (die unendlich rücksichtsvoll und leise, und gut und klar in Binden und Lösen sich vollziehen wird) wird jener ähneln, die wir ringend und mühsam vorbereiten, der Liebe, die darin besteht, dass zwei Einsamkeiten einander schützen, grenzen und grüssen. (Briefe an einem jungen Dichter (Letters to a Young Poet, 1929, translated by Reginald Snell, 1945) 14 May 1904).  Also, Rilke’s “I hold this to be the highest task for a bond between two people: that each protects the solitude of the other.”  Letter to Paula Modersohn‑Becker, 12 Feb. 1902, in Gesammelte Briefe (Collected Letters, 1904) vol. 1, p. 204)


All thoughts, all passions, all delights, / Whatever stirs this mortal frame, / All are but ministers of Love, / And feed his sacred flame.  (Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “Love” (1800)


UNDERSTANDING.  “A man doesn’t learn to understand anything unless he loves it” – Goethe (Man lernt nichts kennen als was man Liebt)[2]  Connects to “We love only what we do not wholly possess.” (On n’aime que ce qu’on ne possède pas tout entier.”—Marcel Proust).  must we accept that we can never fully love anything we cannot fully possess?  Does this make the possibility of transcendence impossible and remind us that striving is more important than attaining?   


LOVE and SUFFERING.  “Natasha, to love is to suffer. To avoid suffering, one must not love. But, then one suffers from not loving. Therefore, to love is to suffer, not to love is to suffer, to suffer is to suffer. To be happy is to love, to be happy, then, is to suffer, but suffering makes one unhappy, therefore, to be unhappy one must love, or love to suffer, or suffer from too much happiness, I hope you’re getting this down.”—Woody Allen (Love and Death, 1975)

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[1].  All I have is a voice

 To undo the folded lie,

 The romantic lie in the brain

 Of the sensual man‑in‑the‑street

 And the lie of Authority

 Whose buildings grope the sky:

 There is no such thing as the State

 And no one exists alone;

 Hunger allows no choice

 To the citizen or the police;

 We must love one another or die.

(W. H. Auden, Another Time (1940) September 1, 1939)

 

[2]. Man lernt nichts kennen als was man Liebt‑‑ Goethe. [complete:  “Man lernt nichts kennen, als was man liebt, und je tiefer und vollständiger die Kenntnis werden soll, desto kräftiger und lebendiger muß die Liebe, ja Leidenschaft sein.”  (Goethe in einem Brief an Jacobi, 1812)] 

One learns to know nothing but what one loves, and the deeper and more complete the knowledge is to become, the stronger, stronger and more alive must be love, even passion.  Johann Wolfgang von Goethe  (1749 – 1832), source: Goethe, letters. To Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, May 10, 1812

Do you agree with Rev William Sloan Coffin that “Vocation is love seeking form” ? 

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[i] “A mind stretched by a new idea can never go back to its original dimensions.” This also turns out to be from The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table (ch. XI) as the following: “Every now and then a man’s mind is stretched by a new idea or sensation, and never shrinks back to its former dimensions.” https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Talk:Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr. (10/20/2018)

[ii] “I think the poem will tell us something about Lincoln, but the question is What?”  Wilson said. “It recalls Eliot’s idea that every new work affects the whole order.  This poem is like a new chair in the room.  Once you get the poem in the room, you have to rearrange all the other furniture.” B Douglas Wilson, an Abraham Lincoln scholar about a “suicide poem” supposedly written by Lincon; quoted in the New Yorker Jun 14 & 21 2004:65.

Passion Is Linked To Greater Academic Achievement — But In Some Cultures More Than Others by Emily Reynolds   

“Passion” is a word that often crops up on job descriptions and in interviews; articles proliferate online explaining how to adequately express your passion to potential employers. On the whole, passionate people — those who have a strong interest in a particular topic, who are confident in themselves and who dedicate themselves to what they’re doing — are thought of in a positive light, and considered likely to achieve their goals.

But when it comes to predicting achievement, how important is passion really? According to Xingyu Li from Stanford University and colleagues, writing in PNAS, passion may be less important in certain cultures — and the fact that passion is often seen as the key to achievement may reflect a “distinctly Western model of motivation”.

Read more of this post in BPS Research Digest | April 28, 2021 at 11:57 am | Categories: Cross-cultural, Educational | URL: https://wp.me/p7Lf0f-aU9

 


RELIGION, SPIRITUALITY, and REASON
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Man is by his constitution a religious animal; atheism is against not only our reason,
but our instincts. (Edmund Burke 1790)
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LOVE & BEAUTY? The most beautiful experience we can have is the mysterious. It is the fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true science. Whoever does not know it and can no longer wonder, no longer marvel, is as good as dead, and his eyes are dimmed. It was the experience of mystery – even if mixed with fear – that engendered religion. (Albert Einstein)

DOES this imply a bias in the light of GORGEOUS TRUMPS EVERYTHING? or are we simply saying, with Goethe, that “A man doesn’t learn to understand anything unless he loves it”

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* Helen E. Fisher, Arthur Aron, Lucy L. Brown. 2006. Romantic Love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice. Phl trans Roy Soc 361(1476):2173-